Use Mandarin or Tamil as the medium of instruction but follow the national curriculum [14].
Almost every secondary student joins Kadet Remaja Sekolah (School Youth Cadet), Pengakap (Scouts), Pandu Puteri (Girl Guides), or Kadet Polis (Police Cadet). Weekend camps involving jungle trekking, marching drills, and first aid are common.
Students choose academic, technical, or vocational streams, ending with the critical Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination [9, 21].
Implementing co-teaching models to enhance student engagement [28].