: Some cultures and historical periods have documented instances of bestiality, but these are exceptions rather than the norm.
Animal rights is a more radical position. It holds that animals have as individuals, not just as sentient beings whose pains matter. Rights advocates argue that animals have inherent value and certain fundamental interests—such as the interest in not being owned, confined, or killed—that should not be overridden for human benefit, no matter how “humane” the treatment. : Some cultures and historical periods have documented